What are the basic characteristics of the political systems of the Qin Dynasty and ancient Greece?

Hello 1. Political system:

Ancient China: As far as political system is concerned, there are two main forms:

1. Early political systems: such as the internal and external service system, the feudal system, and the patriarchal system were mainly implemented in the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties from 2070 BC to 476 BC.

2． Authoritarian centralization: sprouted in the Warring States Period, was established in the Qin Dynasty, consolidated in the Western Han Dynasty, perfected in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, strengthened in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, strengthened in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and ended in 1912.

The ancient West:

1. Ancient Greece: ① Monarchy (2000 BC ~ 12th century BC): including Cretan civilization and Mycenaean civilization. ②Dark Ages (11th century BC to 9th century BC): Homer era. ③City-state government: The main types include aristocracy, democracy (the two are the most popular), monarchy, oligarchy, and tyranny. As the largest city-state in Greece, Sparta practiced an aristocratic oligarchy; Athens was the birthplace of democracy. Solon's reforms put the country on the track of democracy; Cleisthenes' reforms finally established democracy in Athens; Pericles brought Athenian democracy to a "golden age".

2． Ancient Rome: ① monarchy (753 BC), ② aristocratic republic system (end of 6th BC to 27 BC): mainly composed of three levels of institutions: consul, Senate, and citizens' assembly. ③Principal system (27 BC ~ 3rd century): an autocratic monarchy cloaked in treason and cloak. ④Absolute monarchy (3rd century ~Destruction): Diocletian implemented open monarchy.

2. Characteristics of the political system:

Ancient China:

1. The characteristics of China's early political system: ① The combination of divine power and royal power; ② The political structure of the country was formed with blood relations as the bond, and the highest governing group had not yet achieved a high degree of concentration of power.

2． Characteristics of the authoritarian centralized system: 1. The supremacy and indivisibility of imperial power; 2. The lifelong tenure of the emperor and the hereditary system of the throne; 3. Officials at all levels from the central to the local level are directly appointed and removed by the emperor and cannot be hereditary; 4. The emperor's decision-making to the exercise of legislation, Administrative, judicial and other powers are arbitrary and arbitrary; ⑤ Imperial power relies on divine power and promotes theories such as "divine right of kings"; ⑥ Cultural autocracy is a by-product of political autocracy; ⑦ The contradiction and unity between the central and local governments, monarchy and prime ministerial power accompanies the central government The development of the centralized system has always been; ⑧The authoritarian system of small and medium-sized centralized machines reached its peak in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and became reactionary.

The ancient West:

1. Greek city-states: The main characteristics are that they are small countries with few people, and each state has long-term independence and self-governance. The basic characteristics of Athenian democracy were popular sovereignty and rule by turns.

2． Ancient Rome: From war to empire, leaving behind the Roman law that had the most extensive influence on later generations.

3. Reasons for the formation of the system:

China’s agricultural society has produced a self-sufficient agricultural economy. Industry and commerce are the last, and have always been despised and ignored. Naturally, there will be no developed. Corresponding to this is the closed, conservative and repressive patriarchal system. What this kind of politics values ​​​​is ethics. It opposes individual freedom, the pursuit of personal gain, and excessive enjoyment of propriety. It emphasizes the dignity of God, the unity of the country, the sanctity of hierarchies, and the importance of moral cultivation. It opposes the development of individual freedom and suppresses all kinds of human nature.

The commercial economic society of ancient Greece produced a democratic regime that was suitable for it, and adult citizens could participate in discussing major issues. Democratic politics makes Westerners advocate individual freedom, equality and personality development. Everyone is born equal. They advocate personal wealth, personal love, personal adventure and personal struggle.

4. Differences in politicians’ reforms and formulation of legal systems:

Ancient China: The political reforms of reformers such as Qin Shihuang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and Wang Anshi were mostly to solve social crises and strengthen the monarchy. Autocratic rule, the famous "Qin Code" and "Da Ming Code" in ancient times also maintained feudal autocratic rule and strengthened control over the people.

Ancient Greece: Solon, Cleisthenes, Pericles and other reforms and the promulgation of a series of Roman laws all promoted the process of democracy to varying degrees and had a profound impact on future generations.

5. Continuity of civilization:

The ancient Chinese civilization can maintain continuity for a long time without breaking: China is one of the birthplaces of ancient civilizations in the world, and is at the center of the conflict with authoritarianism. Under the centralized system, the culture has maintained roughly the same territory and main body for a long time. From the self as the main body, it has absorbed many foreign cultures at the same time, and there has never been a gap in cultural development.

The ancient Greek civilization declined: The ancient Greeks directly inherited and developed the ancient cultures of Egypt, Babylonia and the Mediterranean coast, reaching their peak in a relatively short period of time, but lacked strong centralization constraints. The Roman Empire soon fell apart. With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Europe entered the Dark Ages.

6. Influence on later generations:

The authoritarian centralized system implemented in ancient China mainly played a progressive role in the early and middle stages of feudal society. In the late feudal society, it played a negative or even hindering role. It has seriously stifled social creativity and slowed down the pace of social development. It is one of the main reasons why China lags behind the West.

Ancient Greek democracy is the source of modern Western democracy and one of the most important and important contents of modern European civilization.

The democratic politics of ancient Greece and the legal system of ancient Rome collectively represent the highest achievements of ancient Western political civilization. They have become two beacons with their own characteristics and complement each other in the Mediterranean region. They have provided precious political and cultural heritage for future generations and are the key to the development of human civilization. of valuable wealth.

Same: Neither system is perfect

Ancient China: Under the autocratic monarchy, the rulers implemented cultural autocratic policies, such as the Qin Dynasty’s burning of books and the entrapment of Confucianism, the Ming and Qing Dynasties The stereotyped writing of scholars and the creation of literary inquisition suppressed ideas, destroyed culture, and hindered social progress.

The Athenian democracy in ancient Greece had its limitations in terms of era and class. The results it adopted in the form of citizens directly participating in politics and taking turns taking turns were not always fair. Moreover, although Athens was internally democratic, , externally, especially its allies, it was extremely brutal, with no democracy at all, and the scope of citizens was reduced, blocking Athens' path to political self-expansion.